Egypt

the Arab Republic of Egypt
 
 
 
 
Egypt flag

Egypt

Arab Republic of Egypt
Arabic Currency EGP Mixed legal system COMESA • AfCFTA

North Africa s most populous market with a diversified base spanning gas, petrochemicals, agrifood, manufacturing, logistics and digital. Since the March 2024 FX move, reforms focus on stabilising prices, easing FX pressures, and mobilising private capital, with SCZone and green hydrogen projects as key growth pillars.

Overview

Activity is anchored by gas and petrochemicals, the Suez Canal logistics corridor, construction and real estate, tourism, textiles, IT services and agrifood. Ongoing reforms aim to deepen private participation, streamline licensing via golden licence pathways, digitalise tax and customs, and expand renewable and green hydrogen capacity.

Snapshot

Population
~116.5 M 2024
UN Data
GDP current USD
$389.1 B 2024
World Bank
GDP per Capita
$3,339 2024
World Bank
Inflation y over y
~12.0% Aug 2025
CAPMAS and Reuters
Policy Rate
22.0% Aug 2025
CBE and Reuters
Internet Use
~72.2% 2023
World Bank WDI
Electrification
100% 2023
World Bank series
Market Note
EGX market cap ~ LE 2.50 T Sep 2025
EGX

Focus Sectors

Natural gas and LNG Petrochemicals and fertilisers Renewables and green hydrogen Logistics and SCZone Construction and materials ICT and offshoring Tourism Agrifood processing Automotive and components Business services Fintech and payments

Trade

Top Export Partners 2022

  • Turkey7.6%
  • Spain7.4%
  • Italy6.5%
  • Saudi Arabia4.8%
  • United States4.4%
WITS Comtrade snapshot

Top Export Goods

LNG Refined petroleum Crude petroleum Urea Gold

Top Import Partners 2022

  • China15.3%
  • Saudi Arabia8.2%
  • United States7.2%
  • Russian Federation4.4%
  • Germany4.3%
WITS Comtrade snapshot

Top Import Goods

  • Refined petroleummajor item
  • Crude petroleummajor item
  • Durum wheatmajor item
  • Maizemajor item
  • Soybeansmajor item
OEC 2023 and WITS

Finance and Capital Markets

Currency and Policy

  • CurrencyEgyptian Pound EGP
  • Monetary policy rate22.0%
  • FX regimeFlexible FX with CBE auctions
  • USD per EGP~48–49 Sep 2025
CBE and Reuters and XE

Markets

  • ExchangeEGX equities and debt
  • Market cap~ LE 2.50 T Sep 2025
EGX

Regulations and Taxes

Start a Business

  1. Name check and drafting — GAFI Investor Service Center
  2. Incorporation and commercial registry — GAFI
  3. Open bank account and capital deposit
  4. Tax registration and e invoicing — Egyptian Tax Authority
  5. Customs single window for trade — Nafeza ACI
  6. Golden licence for strategic projects — GAFI
GAFI and ETA and Nafeza

Key Taxes

  • Corporate Income Tax22.5%
  • VAT standard14%
  • Dividends WHT10% unlisted and 5% listed
  • Interest and royalties WHT20% base rate, treaty may reduce
PwC and Andersen and EY

Talent

Median Age
~24.5 yrs
UN and Worldometers
Adult Literacy
~74.5%
World Bank FRED
Tertiary Enrolment
~39.4% gross 2023
World Bank and TE
Language
Arabic
Gov

Policy

  • AfCFTA and COMESATrade facilitation and industrial integration
  • Golden licenceFast track for strategic projects via GAFI
  • Labour frameworkNew Labour Law No 14 of 2025 effective Sep 2025
  • DigitalTax e invoicing and customs ACI single window
Official releases and law firm notes

Risks

  • External financing and FXSensitivity to portfolio flows and FX volatility
  • Price pressuresInflation pass through and subsidy reforms
  • Geopolitics and shippingRed Sea disruptions and tourism swings
  • Water stressLong term resource constraints
Reuters and multilateral analysis

Resources

GAFI Investor Service Center Egyptian Tax Authority e invoicing Nafeza ACI single window Central Bank of Egypt EGX market data WITS trade snapshot OEC country profile Suez Canal Economic Zone

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Data Notes
Population 2024 from UN Data. GDP level and per capita 2024 from World Bank WDI. Inflation latest month from CAPMAS series and Reuters coverage. Policy rate from CBE and Reuters. Internet users 2023 from World Bank. Electrification 2023 from World Bank series. Trade partners and goods from WITS Comtrade snapshot and OEC. EGX market cap from EGX homepage. Labour Law 14 of 2025 in force Sep 2025 per official and professional summaries.